While working on boot.dev’s Go Playground, I came across a very strange error. The standard library’s fmt.Printf() function prints nothing to the console when called. Nothing.
For those of you who are familiar with the function, when compiled to a “normal” executable fmt.Printf prints a formatted string to standard output. As per the official documentation, this program:
package main
import (
"fmt"
)
func main() {
const name, age = "Kim", 22
fmt.Printf("%s is %d years old.", name, age)
}
Will print:
Kim is 22 years old.
The interesting thing is that when the same exact program is compiled using Web Assembly, we get a different result. If you want to try it, copy the above program and run it here.
Spoiler alert: It doesn’t print anything.
However, if you change the program slightly:
package main
import (
"fmt"
)
func main() {
const name, age = "Kim", 22
// add a newline character
fmt.Printf("%s is %d years old.\n", name, age)
}
Then it may print the expected:
Kim is 22 years old.
thought if you run the two programs back to back, you may actually find that this is printed instead:
Kim is 22 years old.Kim is 22 years old.
Why? 🔗
When compiled to Web Assembly, the fmt.Printf function is writing to a buffer, and that buffer is not cleared until a newline character is printed to standard out. In other words, you can call fmt.Printf as many times as you want, but nothing is printed until a \n character comes through standard output.
Take a look at the writeSync() code in Go’s wasm_exec.js, which is a required dependency to execute Go Web Assembly in the browser:
writeSync(fd, buf) {
outputBuf += decoder.decode(buf);
const nl = outputBuf.lastIndexOf("\n");
if (nl != -1) {
console.log(outputBuf.substr(0, nl));
outputBuf = outputBuf.substr(nl + 1);
}
return buf.length;
}
As you can see, console.log() is only called on the buffer if a newline is found within the output string, otherwise, the output is just appended to the stateful outputBuf.
My current working theory is that it was implemented this way because there is no way to print to the console in a browser without appending a new line. JavaScript’s console.log() always appends a new line.
